Bismika Alllahuma

G. F. Haddad

Только в новейших времененах находилось оно открыло что общяя муха снесла паразитные патогены для много заболеваний включая маларию, тифозную лихорадку, холеру, и другие. Также было открыно что муха снесла паразитные bacteriophagic грибки способные воевать семенозачатки всех этих заболеваний.

Пророк Muhammad - на ем и его благословениях и мире дома - alluded к обоим фактам 1.400 лет тому назад когда он сказал, как повествовано от al-Kh�dr� �d `Abu Hurayra и Abu Sa al-Bukhar� и в Sun�n:

Если муха падает в один из ваших контейнеров [еды или питья], то погрузите его вполне (kullahu falyaghmis-hu) перед извлекать его, потому что под одним из своих крылов будет venom и под другими будет свое противоядие.

Вариант от Abu Hurayra в Abu Daw�d, Ahmad, и al-Ath�r Sharh Mushkil al-Tahaw�'s (8: 341 #3293) добавляет:

И оно [al-Tahawi: «всегда»] защищает (yattaqi) с крылом носит отраву, поэтому погрузите ее вполне.

Ahmad и al-Tahaw� добавляют: «После этого извлекайте его.»

Звук-прикованный вариант в Ahmad, al-Tahaw�, al-Nas�', и Ibn Majah (� последнего 2 упоминают только второго половину) заявляет:

Ibn сказанное Khalid идентификации `Sa: Я пошел внутри увидеть Abu Salama. Он принес нам некоторые масло и печенье даты. Муха упала в тарелку. Abu Salama начало погружать его в воду (yamquluhu) с его перстом. Я сказал, «дядюшка! Будут вами делая?»

Он сказал: «Поистине, al-Khudri идентификации `Abu Sa сказал мне что посыльный аллаха сказал, `в одном из крылов мухы 2 там будет отравой и в других, своем противоядии. Если оно понижается в еду, то погрузите ее в воду в ей; для его посылает отраву сперва и держит лечение последн. '»

Al-Tahaw� внутри Al-Ath�r Sharh Mushkil (8: 339 #3289) имеет

Дядюшка! Аллах прощает вам! Вы делаете?

Al-Bazzar в его Musn�d и al-Maqdisi al-Diya' в al-Mukhtara al-Ahad�th (5: 206) повествовали от ibn Anas Abd All�h `ibn Thumama через благонадежные повествователей согласно Ibn Hajar в Fath al-Bari (10: 250) и al-Qastallani в al-Sari Irshad (5: 304):

Сказанное Thumama: Мы были с Anas и муха упала в сосуд. Anas жестикулировало с его рукой и погрузило ее (faghamasahu) 3 после этого сказанного времени: «Bismillah» и он сказали то поистине, таким образом сделали посыльного аллаха приказывают, что они делают.

Shah Wali Allah al-Dihl�w� mentioned in Hujjat All�h al-Baligha that this had�th shows God-given knowledge of the many diseases a fly potentially carries as well as illustrates the Creator’s wisdom in giving every venomous species some immunity or antidotal protection to its own poison insuring its survival.

Shaykh Muhy� al-D�n Ibn `Ar�b� in one of his Wasaya specified that the fly always keeps its “antidotal wing” off the substance in which it finds itself mired so as to try and use it to fly away. The Ulema said that this behavior is Divinely-inspired instinct, similar to that of the bees, the ants, the hoopoe, and the earth in the Qur’�n.[1]

Ibn Hajar wrote in his commentary on this had�th:

I found nothing among the variants to pinpoint the wing that carries the antidote but one of the Ulema said he observed that the fly protects itself with its left wing so it can be deduced that the right one is the one with the antidote…. Another said that the poison may be that of pride (takabbur) occurring in one’s soul causing him to disdain eating that food or avoid and discard it altogether, while the antidote takes place by subduing the soul and forcing it to be humble.

Ibn Hajar also cited al-Jawzi’s remark that flies pounded with antimony (stibnite) benefit eyesight but al-`Ayn� in `Umdat al-Qari (7:304) cites Ibn al-Baytar al-Maliqi’s recipe as flies pounded with egg yolk.

Dr. Ghyath Has�n al-Ahmad in his book al-Tibb al-Nabawi fi Daw’ al-`Ilm al-Had�th (”Prophetic Medicine in the Light of Modern Science”) (1995 2:188-189) mentions that a Dr. Nab�h D�`ish ran an experiment at King `Abd al-`Aziz University in R�yadh in which he created ten bacterial cultures from samples of sterilized fluid into which a fly fell without being immersed; ten more bacterial cultures from samples into which a fly fell and was immersed once; ten more from samples into which the fly was immersed twice; and ten more from samples into which the fly was immersed three times. The results showed that bacterial colonies thrived in the first set but were stunted and depleted in the second, more so in the third, and most in the fourth set.

It is established that houseflies are carriers of dangerous pathogens of animals and humans. Even the muscaphobic critics of this had�th are forced to admit that no one at the time of the Prophet(P) knew that flies carry such harmful organisms. Whence the observation that “under one of its wings there is venom”?

Second, from the perspective of logic, if the fly did not carry some sort of protection in the form of an antidote or immunity, it would perish from its own poisonous burden and there would be no fly left in the world.

Further, the transmission of what the fly carries in or on its body is not an automatic fact. For example, the microbe responsible for ulcers and other stomach ailments can live on houseflies, although it remains to be seen whether flies transmit the pathogen.[2]

There has long been evidence of bacterial pathogen-suppressing micro-organisms living in houseflies. An article in Vol. 43 of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927), p. 1037 stated:

The flies were given some of the cultured microbes for certain diseases. After some time the germs died and no trace was left of them while a germ-devouring substance formed in the flies - bacteriophages. If a saline solution were to be obtained from these flies it would contain bacteriophages able to suppress four kinds of disease-inducing germs and to benefit immunity against four other kinds.[3]
More recently, a Colorado State University website on entomology states that

Gnotobiotic [= germ-free] insects (Greenberg et al, 1970) were used to provide evidence of the bacterial pathogen-suppressing ability of the microbiota of Musca domestica [houseflies] …. most relationships between insects and their microbiota remain undefined. Studies with gnotobiotic locusts suggest that the microbiota confers previously unexpected benefits for the insect host.[4]

So then, flies are not only pathogenic carriers but also carry microbiota that can be beneficent. The fly microbiota were described as

…longitudinal yeast cells living as parasites inside their bellies. These yeast cells, in order to perpetuate their life cycle, protrude through certain respiratory tubules of the fly. If the fly is dipped in a liquid, the cells burst into the fluid and the content of those cells is an antidote for the pathogens which the fly carries.[5]

These fly microbiota are bacteriophagic or “germ-eating”. Bacteriophages are viruses of viruses. They attack viruses and bacteria. They can be selected and bred to kill specific organisms. The viruses infect a bacterium, replicate and fill the bacterial cell with new copies of the virus, and then break through the bacterium’s cell wall, causing it to burst. The existence of similar bacteria-killing mechanisms in two bacteriophages suggests that antibiotics for human infections might be designed on the basis of these cell wall-destroying proteins.[6]

Bacteriophagic medicine was available in the West before the forties but was discontinued when penicillin and other “miracle antibiotics” came out. Bacteriophages continued to flourish in Eastern Europe as an over-the-counter medicine. The “O1-phage” has been used for diagnosis of all Salmonella types while the prophylaxis of Shigella dysentery was conducted with the help of phages.[7]

“Phage therapy” is now making a comeback in the West:

First named in 1917 by researcher Felix d’Herelle at France’s Pasteur Institute, bacteriophages (or just phages for short) are viruses that prey upon bacteria. They have a simple structure - a DNA-filled head attached by a shaft to spidery “legs” that are used to grip onto the surface of a bacterium. Once a phage latches onto a bacterium, it injects its payload of genetic material into the bacterium’s innards. The bacterium then begins to rapidly produce “daughter” copies of the phage — until the bacterium becomes too full and ruptures, sending hundreds of new phage particles into the open world.
Doctors used phages as medical treatment for illnesses ranging from cholera to typhoid fevers. In some cases, a liquid containing the phage was poured into an open wound. In others, they were given orally, via aerosol, or injected. In some cases, the treatments worked well - in others, they did not. When antibiotics came into the mainstream, phage therapy largely faded in the west.
However, researchers in eastern Europe, including the former Soviet Union, continued their studies of the potential healing properties of phages. And now that strains of bacteria resistant to standard antibiotics are on the rise, the idea of phage therapy has been getting more attention in the worldwide medical community. Several biotechnology companies have been formed in the U.S. to develop bacteriophage-based treatments - many of them drawing on the expertise of researchers from eastern Europe.[8]
Research on the medical application of bacteriophages is now considered to be in its most promising stage. A University of Pittsburgh researcher said in June 2001,

Given the sheer number and variety of bacteriophages lurking on the planet, the viruses may represent a sizable untapped reservoir of new therapeutics.[9]

Possibilities for use of bacteriophages in disease control is discussed in the article “Smaller Fleas…Ad infinitum: Therapeutic Bacteriophage Redux”.[10]

The fact that the fly carried pathophagic or germ-eating agents was known to the ancients, who noticed that wasp and scorpion stings are remedied by rubbing the sore spot with a decapitated fly as mentioned in al-Antak�’s Tadhkir� (1:140), al-`Ayn�’s citation of Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Baytar al-Maliqi’s (d. 646) al-Jami` li-Mufradat al-Adwiya wal-Aghdhiya in `Umdat al-Q�ri (7:304), and al-Sha`ran�’s Mukhtasar al-Suwaydi fil-Tibb (p. 98).

Avicenna preferred the use of a live chicken slit in two and applied to the wound.[11] A similar use is current even today for camel urine according to a University of Calgary website.[12]

In the two world wars, the wounds of soldiers exposed to flies were observed to heal and scar faster than the wounds of unexposed soldiers. Even today, fly larvae, or maggots, are used medicinally to clean up festering wounds. They only eat dead tissue and leave healthy tissue alone.

Is the fly ritually filthy (najis)? No. The Jurists concur that the fly is pure (al-dhubab tahir) and does not defile a liquid even if its quantity is small and even if it dies in it except, according to al-Shafi`�, if one of the aspects of the liquid is affected (smell, color, taste).[13]

The Prophetic Sunn� is an endless manual of healthy living and practical husbandry for people of all walks of life, especially the poor. The Prophet(P) at all times directed his Umm� to avert waste and penury even in unsanitary conditions. Just as the had�th on camel milk and urine reveals knowledge of dietetics and natural medicine, so does the had�th of the fly reveal knowledge of preventive medicine and immunology. In this respect the command in these had�ths, as in many others, denotes an advisory Sunn� of permissibility, not a literal obligation.

The command [of immersing the fly] denotes counsel (al-amru lil-irshad) so as to counter disease with cure.[14]

Despite the abundance of supporting evidence for the authenticity of these medicinal narrations (camel and fly) on the one hand and for their scientific viability on the other, certain voices continue to reject them on both counts. Principle skepticism of authentically transmitted narrations that pertain to facts demonstrated by ancient and modern science, or whose scientific worth is just now coming into view, is the wont of stagnant minds and diseased hearts for which there is no cure save the mercy of our Lord.

References

[1] Cf. al-Tahawi, Sharh Mushkil (8:343-344) and al-Khattabi, Ma`alim al-Sunan (4:459)

[2] http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc97/6_7_97/ref1.htm

[3] Cited in `Abd Allah al-Qusami, Mushkilat al-Ahad�th al-Nabawiyya wa-Bayanuha, p. 42

[4] http://lamar.colostate.edu/~insects/systems/digestion/plenuryrd.html

[5] Cf. Footnote in Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari (7:372, Book 76 Medicine, Chapter 58, Hadith 5782).

[6] Science 292 (June 2001), pp. 2326-2329

[7] Annales Immunologiae Hungaricae, No. 9, 1966 (in German)

[8] http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2000/Jul/hour1_072100.html

[9] Science 292 (June 2001), Op. Cit.

[10] In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [PNAS], Vol. 93, No. 8 (April 16, 1996), pp. 3167-8. Available on the WWW at http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/tocrender.fcgi?iid=1253

[11] Cf. Ibn al-Azraq, Tas-h�l al- Manafi` (1306 ed., p. 171 = 1315 ed., p. 147)

[12] http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/camels.html

[13] Cf. al-Baghawi, Sharh al-Sunna (11:260-261) and al-Qastallani, Irshad al-Sari (5:304-305)

[14] Al-Qastallani, Irshad al-Sari (5:304)