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Asif Iqbal 阿西夫伊克巴爾

The point of this article to comprehend the element of opportunism and utilitarianism as being the key element in the development of Messianic hopes among the medieval Jews.本文的一點理解元素的機會主義和功利主義的，因為這是關鍵要素的發展之間的救世主希望中世紀猶太人。 There exist scores of “prophecies,” “visions” and recognitions by the various medieval Rabbis and Jewish mystics, which whole-heartedly identify and accept people such as King Cyrus of Persia, Alexander the Great, Prophet存在分數“預言”，“願景”和讚譽的各種中世紀猶太拉比和神秘主義者，其中全心全意識別和接受的事實，如波斯國王居魯士，亞歷山大大帝，先知 Muhammad穆罕默德 (P) and the second Arab caliph `Umar I(R) as the promised Jewish Messiah. （P）和第二阿拉伯哈里發歐麥爾我`（R）作為其承諾的猶太彌賽亞。

Further in this regard, I present in the following the pertinent extract from the “Chronographia” of the medieval Christian historian and theologian Theophanes.進一步在這方面，我目前在以下的相關摘錄“Chronographia”中世紀基督教歷史學家和神學家塞奧法尼斯。 While reading this, his Christian bias has to be remembered.雖然看這篇文章，他的基督教偏見要記住。

For instance, when he writes:例如，當他寫道：

“At the beginning of [Muhammad's] advent the misguided Jews thought he was the Messiah who is awaited by them” “一開始的[穆罕默德]出現誤導以為他是猶太人的彌賽亞誰是他們期待已久的”

Though the incident(s) referred to could very well have been true, yet the description of those Jews as “misguided” does not represent factuality, but the reporter's Christian bias.雖然事件（一）引用部分很可能是事實，但描述這些猶太人是“誤導”，並不代表真實性，但記者的基督教偏見。

The extract[1] is as follows:提取物[1]如下：

AM 6122 [AD 629] 上午6122 [公元629]

In this year died Muhammad, the leader and false prophet [sic!] of the Saracens, after appointing his kinsman Abourbacharos [Abu Bakr] to his chieftainship.在今年穆罕默德去世時，領導者和假先知[原文如此！]的撒拉遜人，他的任命後，親戚Abourbacharos [阿布巴克爾]他的酋長。 At the same time his repute spread abroad and everyone was frightened.同時他的名聲傳開，大家都嚇壞了。

At the beginning of his advent the misguided [!] Jews thought he was the Messiah who is awaited by them, so that some of their leaders joined him and accepted his religion while forsaking that of Moses, who saw God.在開始的時候，他的到來誤導[！]猶太人認為他是彌賽亞誰是他們所期望的，所以他們的一些領導人參加了他，並接受他的宗教，而放棄對摩西說，誰看見了上帝。

Those who did so were ten in number, and they remained with him until his murder.這些誰這樣做了10個號碼，它們仍然與他，直到他被謀殺。 But when they saw him eating camel meat, they realized that he was not the one they thought him to be, and were at a loss what to do; being afraid to abjure his religion, those wretched men taught him illicit things directed against us, Christians, and remained with him….但是，當他們看到他吃駱駝肉，他們意識到，他不是一個他們認為他是，並在無所適從;害怕鄭重放棄他的信仰，那些可憐的人告訴他我們針對非法的事情，基督徒，並保持與他...。

He taught his subjects that he who kills an enemy or is killed by an enemy goes to Paradise; and he said that this paradise was one of carnal eating and drinking and intercourse with women, and had a river of wine, honey, and milk, and that the women were not like the ones down here, but different ones, and that the intercourse was long lasting and the pleasure continuous; and other things of profligacy and stupidity; also that men should feel sympathy for one another and help those who are wronged.他教導他的臣民，他誰殺死敵人或死在敵人去天堂，他說，這是一個天堂的肉體和性交吃，喝與婦女，有河酒，蜂蜜和牛奶，而且婦女不喜歡這兒的，但不同的，而性交是長期持久和持續的樂趣，以及其他事物的揮霍和愚蠢，還男人應該感到同情，相互幫助是誰委屈。

It would be a classic faux pas to uncritically accept the account of Theophanes.這將是一個典型的失禮向不加批判地接受帳戶塞奧法尼斯。 Rest assured that Theophanes' was a heresy-based account, coloured further by his bias as a Christian theologian as noted earlier.請放心，塞奧法尼斯'是邪教的帳戶，再由他的偏見色彩作為基督教神學家如前所述。

He were right insofar as he spoke of some Jews having accepted Muhammad(P) as the Messiah because that is attested by other circumstantial evidence as well — but that was it.只要他是對的，他談到一些猶太人已接受穆罕默德（規劃）為彌賽亞，因為這是其他間接證據證明，以及 - 但僅此而已。 All other secondary details in his account — details such as the number of those Jews as “ten,” Muhammad's(P) eating of “camel's meat” as the cause of those Jews' reversion, Muhammad's(P) telling the Jews “illicit things” about the Christians, Muhammad's(P) “murder”, etc. — were all clearly bigoted mythical stereotypes.所有其他次要的細節在他的帳戶 - 細節，例如有多少這些猶太人為“10，”穆罕默德（P）的吃“駱駝肉”作為事業的猶太人的回歸，穆罕默德（規劃）告訴猶太人“非法的事情“關於基督徒，穆罕默德的（P）的”謀殺“，等等 - 都清楚偏執神秘的成見。

Ironically, it evaded Theophanes' attention that if (as he claimed) the Jews had rejected the Messiahship of Muhammad(P) because “they saw him eating camel meat”, then there would have been no way those Jews had accepted具有諷刺意味的，它迴避塞奧法尼斯注意，如果（他聲稱）猶太人拒絕了彌賽亞身分的穆罕默德（規劃），因為“他們看見他吃駱駝肉”，那麼就沒有辦法接受這些猶太人 Jesus耶穌 (P) as the Messiah, considered what the Gospel attributed to him: （P）的為彌賽亞，考慮什麼福音歸因於他：

“And he called the multitude, and said unto them, Hear, and understand: not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man.” [Matthew 15:10-11] (KJV) “而他所謂的項目眾多，對他們說，聽到和理解：這不是誰想進入口中污穢的人，但來到了這其中的嘴，這污穢的人。”[馬太福音15:10-11 ]（新譯）

How could Theophanes have justified the Jewish prohibition of eating camel meat in the presence of this statement of Jesus?怎麼能塞奧法尼斯是正當的猶太人禁止吃駱駝肉的存在本聲明的耶穌？ And if, as Theophanes states, those Jews had rejected the Messiahship of Muhammad for his violation of the Jewish dietary laws, they would surely have rejected the Messiahship of Jesus as well in light of his contempt for the same laws, as is discernable in the cited verse.如果真像塞奧法尼斯國家，這些猶太人拒絕了彌賽亞身分穆罕默德對他違反了猶太飲食法，他們一定會拒絕耶穌的彌賽亞身分，以及他在輕蔑視同樣的法律，因為是有跡可尋的引用的詩句。

This straw man clearly demonstrates that this whole story was cooked up by Theophanes in order to explain the embarrasing report, which had reached him, of some of the Jews' acceptance of Muhammad(P) as their promised Messiah.這清楚地表明，秸稈男子整個故事炮製了塞奧法尼斯為了解釋的尷尬報告，該報告已達到他的一些猶太人接受穆罕默德（規劃）作為其承諾的彌賽亞。

Reference: 參考：

[1] Theophanes, “The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,” as reproduced in Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, tr. [1]塞奧法尼斯說：“紀事塞奧法尼斯懺悔”，轉載於讀於近古：一個原始資料，文。 Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, ed.西里爾芒果和羅傑斯科特，教育署。 Michael Maas (New York: Routledge, 2000), p.邁克爾馬斯（紐約：Routledge出版社，2000年），第 355 355